API使我们能够从服务器发出检索数据的请求。API在许多方面都很有用，但其中之一是能够为数据科学项目创建唯一的数据集。在本教程中，我们将学习一些用于Last.fm API的高级技术。
在我们的初学者大数据分析Python API教程中，我们使用了一个简单的API，非常适合教授基础知识：
a.它具有一些易于理解的终点。
b.因为它不需要身份验证，所以我们不必担心如何告诉API我们有权使用它。
c.每个端点响应的数据都很小，并且结构易于理解。
实际上，大多数API都比这更复杂，因此要使用它们，您需要了解一些更高级的概念。具体来说，我们将学习：
a.如何使用API密钥进行身份验证。
b.如何使用速率限制和其他技术在API准则内工作。
c.如何使用分页处理较大的响应。
本教程假定您了解使用大数据分析Python使用API的基础知识。如果您不这样做，我们建议您开始我们的初学者API教程。我们还假设您具有大数据分析Python和pandas的中级知识。如果您不这样做，则可以通过我们的大数据分析Python基础课程免费开始学习。
使用Last.fm API
我们将使用Last.fm API。Last.fm是一项音乐服务，可通过连接到iTunes，Spotify等类似的音乐流应用程序并跟踪您听的音乐来建立个人资料。
他们提供对API的免费访问权，以便音乐服务可以向其发送数据，还可以提供终结点，以汇总Last.fm在各种艺术家，歌曲和流派上拥有的所有数据。我们将使用他们的API建立热门艺术家的数据集。
遵循API准则
使用API时，请务必遵循其准则。如果您不这样做，则可能会被禁止使用该API。除此之外，特别是当一家公司免费提供API时，请尊重他们的限制和准则，因为他们没有提供任何东西。
查看API文档中的Introduction页面，我们会注意到一些重要的准则：
请在所有请求上使用可识别的User-Agent标头。这有助于我们进行日志记录，并减少被禁止的风险。
向last.fm API发出请求时，可以使用headers标识自己。Last.fm希望我们在标头中指定一个用户代理，以便他们知道我们是谁。我们将在稍后提出第一个请求时学习如何执行此操作。
在确定要拨打多少次电话时，请使用常识。例如，如果要制作Web应用程序，请尝试不要在页面加载时点击API。如果您的应用程序每秒持续拨打多个电话，则您的帐户可能会被暂停。
为了构建我们的数据集，我们将需要向Last.fm API发出数千个请求。尽管他们没有在文档中提供具体的限制，但他们确实建议我们不要持续每秒进行多次呼叫。在本教程中，我们将学习一些限制速率的策略，或者确保我们不会过多使用它们的API，以便避免被禁止。
在发出第一个请求之前，我们需要学习如何使用Last.fm API进行身份验证
使用API密钥进行身份验证
大多数API都要求您进行身份验证，以便他们知道您有权使用它们。身份验证的最常见形式之一是使用API密钥，就像使用其API的密码一样。如果在发出请求时未提供API密钥，则会出现错误。
使用API密钥的过程如下：
a.您使用API的提供者创建一个帐户。
b.您需要一个API密钥，该密钥通常是一个长字符串，例如54686973206973206d7920415049204b6579。
c.您可以将API密钥记录在安全的地方，例如密码保存器。如果有人获得了您的API密钥，那么他们可以使用伪装成您的API。
d.每次发出请求时，您都提供API密钥以进行身份验证。
要获取Last.fm的API密钥，请先创建一个帐户。创建帐户后，应转到以下表格：
在每个字段中填写有关您计划如何使用API的信息。您可以将“回调URL”字段保留为空白，因为仅当您正在构建要验证为特定Last.fm用户的Web应用程序时才使用此字段。
提交表单后，您将获得API密钥和共享密钥的详细信息：
请在安全的地方记下这些内容-本教程无需使用共享密钥，但最好记下它，以防万一您想做一些需要您作为特定用户进行身份验证的事情。
发出我们的第一个API请求
为了创建热门艺术家的数据集，我们将使用chart.getTopArtists端点。
查看Last.fm API文档，我们可以观察到以下几点：
a.看起来只有一个真实的端点，并且实际上每个“端点”都是使用method参数指定的。
b.文档说此服务不需要身份验证。尽管起初看起来似乎有些混乱，但它告诉我们的是，我们不需要身份验证为特定的Last.fm用户。如果您在此之上看，您会发现我们确实需要提供我们的API密钥。
c.API可以返回多种格式的结果-我们将指定JSON，以便我们可以利用我们在大数据分析Python中使用API的已知知识
在开始之前，请记住，当我们发出请求时，我们需要提供一个用户代理标头来标识自己。使用大数据分析Python请求库，我们使用headers参数和标头字典来指定标头，如下所示：
我们将从定义API密钥和用户代理开始(本教程中显示的API密钥不是真正的API密钥!)
接下来，我们将导入请求库，为标头和参数创建字典，然后发出第一个请求!
我们的请求返回的状态码为“ 200”，因此我们知道成功了。
在查看请求返回的数据之前，请考虑一下在本教程中我们将发出许多请求的事实。在这些请求中，许多功能将是相同的：
a.我们将使用相同的URL
b.我们将使用相同的API密钥
c.我们将指定JSON作为我们的格式。
d.我们将使用相同的标题。
为了节省时间，我们将创建一个函数来为我们完成很多工作。我们将为该函数提供一个有效负载字典，然后将额外的键添加到该字典，并将其与其他选项一起传递以发出请求。
让我们看一下该函数的外观：
正如我们在初学者大数据分析Python API教程中所了解的那样，大多数API都以JSON格式返回数据，并且我们可以使用大数据分析Python json模块以更易于理解的格式打印JSON数据。
让我们重新使用jprint()在该教程中创建的函数，并打印来自API的响应：
{
"artists": {
"@attr": {
"page": "1",
"perPage": "50",
"total": "2901036",
"totalPages": "58021"
},
"artist": [
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "1957174",
"mbid": "b7539c32-53e7-4908-bda3-81449c367da6",
"name": "Lana Del Rey",
"playcount": "232808939",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Lana+Del+Rey"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "588883",
"mbid": "",
"name": "Billie Eilish",
"playcount": "35520548",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Billie+Eilish"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "655052",
"mbid": "",
"name": "Post Malone",
"playcount": "34942708",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Post+Malone"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "2290993",
"mbid": "20244d07-534f-4eff-b4d4-930878889970",
"name": "Taylor Swift",
"playcount": "196907702",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Taylor+Swift"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "1166180",
"mbid": "f4fdbb4c-e4b7-47a0-b83b-d91bbfcfa387",
"name": "Ariana Grande",
"playcount": "124251766",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Ariana+Grande"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "1716587",
"mbid": "b8a7c51f-362c-4dcb-a259-bc6e0095f0a6",
"name": "Ed Sheeran",
"playcount": "92646726",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Ed+Sheeran"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "4084524",
"mbid": "420ca290-76c5-41af-999e-564d7c71f1a7",
"name": "Queen",
"playcount": "197850122",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Queen"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "4449534",
"mbid": "164f0d73-1234-4e2c-8743-d77bf2191051",
"name": "Kanye West",
"playcount": "250533444",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Kanye+West"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "3732023",
"mbid": "b10bbbfc-cf9e-42e0-be17-e2c3e1d2600d",
"name": "The Beatles",
"playcount": "526866107",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/The+Beatles"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "3441963",
"mbid": "b49b81cc-d5b7-4bdd-aadb-385df8de69a6",
"name": "Drake",
"playcount": "147881092",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Drake"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "4778856",
"mbid": "a74b1b7f-71a5-4011-9441-d0b5e4122711",
"name": "Radiohead",
"playcount": "507682999",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Radiohead"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "1528378",
"mbid": "381086ea-f511-4aba-bdf9-71c753dc5077",
"name": "Kendrick Lamar",
"playcount": "109541321",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Kendrick+Lamar"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
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{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "487567",
"mbid": "c6bfb05d-f570-46c8-98e1-e25441189770",
"name": "Khalid",
"playcount": "15759258",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Khalid"
}
]
}
}
JSON响应的结构为：
1)具有单个artists键的字典，其中包含：
2)@attr包含许多有关响应的属性 的键。
3)artist包含艺术家对象列表 的键。
让我们单独看一下'@attr'(属性)键：
这个API端点的结果中总共有近三百万位艺术家，我们正在单个页面中显示前50位艺术家。将结果分布在多个页面上的技术称为分页。
处理分页数据
为了建立包含许多艺术家的数据集，我们需要为每个页面提出一个API请求，然后将它们放在一起。我们可以使用文档中指定的两个可选参数来控制结果的分页：
1)limit：每页要提取的结果数(默认为50)。
2)page：我们要获取结果的哪一页。
因为'@attrs'键为我们提供了总页数，所以我们可以使用while循环并在页面上进行迭代，直到页面号等于最后一个页面号为止。
我们还可以使用limit参数在每个页面中获取更多结果-我们将在每个页面中获取500个结果，因此我们只需要进行约6,000次调用，而无需进行约60,000次调用。
让我们看一下如何构造代码的示例：
正如我们刚才提到的，我们需要为此端点进行近6,000次调用，这意味着我们需要考虑速率限制以符合Last.fm API的服务条款。让我们看一些方法。
限速
速率限制是使用代码来限制我们达到特定API的每秒次数。速率限制将使您的代码变慢，但是比完全禁止使用API更好。
执行速率限制的最简单方法是使用大数据分析Python time.sleep()函数。此函数接受一个浮点数，该浮点数指定要等待的秒数，然后再继续操作。
例如，以下代码将在两个打印语句之间等待四分之一秒：
因为进行API调用本身需要一些时间，所以我们很可能每秒要进行2到3次调用，而不是每秒休眠0.25秒所建议的4次调用。这足以使我们保持在Last.fm的阈值以下(如果我们要打他们的API数小时，我们可能会选择一个更低的速率)。
另一种对速率限制有用的技术是使用本地数据库来缓存任何API调用的结果，因此，如果我们两次进行相同的调用，则第二次从本地缓存中读取它。想象一下，在编写代码时，您发现语法错误并且循环失败，因此您必须重新开始。通过使用本地缓存，您有两个好处：
a.您无需进行不必要的额外API调用。
b.从缓存中读取重复的调用时，无需等待额外的时间进行速率限制。
我们可以用来结合等待和缓存的逻辑如下所示：
为本地缓存创建逻辑是一项相当复杂的任务，但是有一个很棒的库称为requests-cache，该库只需几行代码即可为您完成所有工作。
您可以使用pip安装请求缓存：
然后，我们要做的就是导入库并调用requests_cache.install_cache()函数，该库将透明地缓存新的API请求，并在每次重复调用时都使用该缓存。
我们应该考虑的最后一件事是，我们的6,000个请求可能会花费大约30分钟的时间，因此，我们将在每个循环中打印一些输出，以便可以看到所有内容。我们将使用I大数据分析Python显示技巧在每次运行后清除输出，以便使笔记本中的内容看起来更整洁。
让我们开始吧!
import time
from I大数据分析Python.core.display import clear_output
responses = []
page = 1
total_pages = 99999 # this is just a dummy number so the loop starts
while page < = total_pages:
payload = {
'method': 'chart.gettopartists',
'limit': 500,
'page': page
}
# print some output so we can see the status
print("Requesting page {}/{}".format(page, total_pages))
# clear the output to make things neater
clear_output(wait = True)
# make the API call
response = lastfm_get(payload)
# if we get an error, print the response and halt the loop
if response.status_code != 200:
print(response.text)
break
# extract pagination info
page = int(response.json()['artists']['@attr']['page'])
total_pages = int(response.json()['artists']['@attr']['totalPages'])
# append response
responses.append(response)
# if it's not a cached result, sleep
if not getattr(response, 'from_cache', False):
time.sleep(0.25)
# increment the page number
page += 1
Requesting page 5803/5803
第一次运行该代码，大约需要半个小时。由于存在缓存，第二次会更快(可能不到一分钟!)
处理数据
让我们使用熊猫来查看responses列表中第一个响应的数据：
我们可以使用列表推导对的每个响应执行此操作responses，为我们提供数据帧列表，然后使用该pandas.concat()函数将数据帧列表转换为单个数据帧。
我们的下一步将是删除图像列，其中包含艺术家图像的URL，从分析的角度来看，这些URL对我们并没有真正帮助。
现在，让我们使用DataFrame.info()和了解一些数据DataFrame.describe()：
我们原本希望有3,000,000名艺术家，但我们只有10,500名。其中只有10,000个是唯一的(例如，有重复项)。
让我们在响应对象列表中查看艺术家列表的长度，以了解是否可以更好地了解出了什么问题。
看起来我们的请求中只有20个具有响应列表-让我们按顺序查看前50个，看看是否有某种模式。
看起来在前20个响应之后，此API不会返回任何数据-未记录的限制。
这不是世界末日，因为10,000名艺术家仍然是大量数据。让我们摆脱前面检测到的重复项。
使用第二个Last.fm API端点增强数据
为了使我们的数据更有趣，让我们使用另一个last.fm API端点来添加有关每个艺术家的一些额外数据。
Last.fm允许其用户创建“标签”以对艺术家进行分类。通过使用artist.getTopTags端点，我们可以从单个艺术家那里获得顶级标签。
让我们以我们的一位艺术家为例，查看该端点的响应：
{
"toptags": {
"@attr": {
"artist": "Lana Del Rey"
},
"tag": [
{
"count": 100,
"name": "female vocalists",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/female+vocalists"
},
{
"count": 93,
"name": "indie",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/indie"
},
{
"count": 88,
"name": "indie pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/indie+pop"
},
{
"count": 80,
"name": "pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/pop"
},
{
"count": 67,
"name": "alternative",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/alternative"
},
{
"count": 14,
"name": "american",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/american"
},
{
"count": 13,
"name": "dream pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/dream+pop"
},
{
"count": 12,
"name": "seen live",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/seen+live"
},
{
"count": 10,
"name": "singer-songwriter",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/singer-songwriter"
},
{
"count": 10,
"name": "trip-hop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/trip-hop"
},
{
"count": 7,
"name": "cult",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/cult"
},
{
"count": 7,
"name": "sadcore",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/sadcore"
},
{
"count": 7,
"name": "legend",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/legend"
},
{
"count": 6,
"name": "Lana Del Rey",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/Lana+Del+Rey"
},
{
"count": 6,
"name": "chamber pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/chamber+pop"
},
{
"count": 5,
"name": "baroque pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/baroque+pop"
},
{
"count": 4,
"name": "female vocalist",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/female+vocalist"
},
{
"count": 4,
"name": "alternative pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/alternative+pop"
},
{
"count": 4,
"name": "Retro",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/Retro"
},
{
"count": 3,
"name": "art pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/art+pop"
},
{
"count": 3,
"name": "chillout",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/chillout"
},
{
"count": 3,
"name": "soul",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/soul"
},
{
"count": 3,
"name": "USA",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/USA"
},
{
"count": 3,
"name": "sexy",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/sexy"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "new york",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/new+york"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "rock",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/rock"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "hollywood sadcore",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/hollywood+sadcore"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "indie rock",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/indie+rock"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "trip hop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/trip+hop"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "female",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/female"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "jazz",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/jazz"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "10s",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/10s"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "folk",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/folk"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "lana",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/lana"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "electronic",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/electronic"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "blues",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/blues"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "2010s",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/2010s"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "vintage",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/vintage"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "alternative rock",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/alternative+rock"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "overrated",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/overrated"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "retro pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/retro+pop"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "beautiful",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/beautiful"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "melancholic",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/melancholic"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "dark pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/dark+pop"
},
{
"count": 1,
"name": "Hollywood Pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/Hollywood+Pop"
},
{
"count": 1,
"name": "chill",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/chill"
},
{
"count": 1,
"name": "americana",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/americana"
},
{
"count": 1,
"name": "diva",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/diva"
},
{
"count": 1,
"name": "sad",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/sad"
}
]
}
}
我们实际上只对标签名称感兴趣，然后仅对最受欢迎的标签感兴趣。让我们使用列表推导来创建前三个标记名称的列表：
然后我们可以使用该str.join()方法将列表转换为字符串：
让我们创建一个函数，使用该逻辑为所有艺术家返回最流行标签的字符串，我们稍后将使用该字符串应用于数据框中的每一行。
请记住，该函数将大量连续使用，因此我们将重用time.sleep()先前的逻辑。
将此功能应用于我们的10,000行将需要不到一个小时的时间。因此，我们知道事情实际上正在进展中，我们将希望像以前一样监视输出的操作。
不幸的是，在将函数与pandas Series.apply()方法一起应用时，我们不能使用手动打印输出的方法。相反，我们将使用tqdm软件包来自动执行此操作。
让我们看一下操作的结果：
完成并导出数据
在导出数据之前，我们可能希望对数据进行排序，以便将最受欢迎的艺术家放在顶部。到目前为止，我们只是将数据存储为文本而不转换任何类型：
首先，将侦听器和播放计数列转换为数字。
artists[["playcount", "listeners"]] = artists[["playcount", "listeners"]].astype(int)
现在，让我们按听众数量排序
最后，我们可以将数据集导出为CSV文件。
下一步
在大数据分析Python使用Last.fm API获取音乐数据中，我们学习了如何使用大数据分析Python来使用Last.fm API构建数据集：
a.如何使用API密钥通过API进行身份验证
b.如何使用分页从API端点收集更大的响应
c.如何使用速率限制以保持在API准则之内。
如果您想扩展学习范围，则可以：
a.完成我们的交互式Dataquest API和抓取过程，您可以免费开始。
b.探索Lasts.fm API中的其他API端点。
c.尝试使用此免费公共API列表中的一些数据。
填写下面表单即可预约申请免费试听！怕钱不够？可先就业挣钱后再付学费！ 怕学不会？助教全程陪读，随时解惑！担心就业？一地学习，可推荐就业！
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